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Table 2: Ingredients inducing stimulatory effects on the melanogenic pathway and their mechanisms of action.

Mechanism Compound Reference
Binding to opiate receptor, acts like a β-endorphin Chaste berry Schmid et al., 2007
cAMP agonist, PKA activator Forskolin D’Orazio et al., 2006
Substrate for TYR 3,4-DHP Lei et al., 2002a
Stimulation of TYR activity and protein expression Nordihydroguaiaretic acid Takekoshi et al., 2014
Binding to MC1R, stimulation of the cAMP pathway and MITF α-MSH Lei et al., 2002a
Song et al., 2009
Abdel-Malek et al., 2009
Stimulation of MITF via activation of the PKA pathway 8-MOP Lei et al., 2002b
Stimulation of p378-MAPK, MITF, TYRP-1 and DCT Quercetin Mitsunaga and Yamauchi, 2015

Abbreviations
cAMP, cyclic Adenosine monophosphate; DCT, Dopachrome tautomerase; DHP, dihydroxyphenylalanine; MAPK, mitogen activated protein kinase; MC1R, melanocortin 1 receptor; MITF, microphtalmia-associated transcription factor; MOP, methoxypsoralen; MSH, melanocyte stimulating hormone; PKA, protein kinase A; TYRP-1, Tyrosinase related protein 1

Notes
Ingredients are listed in alphabetical order; references are listed in chronological order (where applicable). The list is not exhaustive and should serve only as a starting point for guidance into the topic of the manuscript.

References